Internet Architecture

Networking Protocols and Topologies for Global Connectivity Global connectivity depends on a careful mix of rules that govern how data moves and how networks are built. Protocols define how devices address, route, and protect traffic. Topologies describe where those devices sit and how they connect. Together, they determine speed, reliability, and reach from a village to a cloud region. At the core are protocol families that keep information moving safely and predictably. TCP/IP provides reliable delivery, IPv6 expands the address space for a growing Internet, and DNS translates names into numbers that machines understand. Routing protocols guide the journey across borders and through networks, while security layers protect data in transit. ...

Scalable Networking: Architectures for the Modern Internet Global networks carry a growing mix of apps, from video calls to cloud software and sensors. To keep performance steady, networks must be designed to scale without chaos. Scalable architectures layer growth across routes, devices, and control planes, so upgrades happen without service interruption. One core idea is hierarchy. A well-structured internet uses core, distribution, and access layers. Each layer handles different tasks and scales independently. This separation reduces routing churn and helps operators plan capacity for future traffic. ...