Video Streaming: From Encoding to Delivery Video streaming is a balance between encoding and delivery. Good encoding reduces file size while keeping quality. Strong delivery keeps playback smooth with little buffering. This article explains the core steps, from encoding choices to how content is delivered to viewers.
Encoding basics Choose a codec based on compatibility and efficiency (H.264, HEVC, AV1). Newer codecs save bandwidth but may need more power or licensing checks. Pick a container like MP4 or WebM that fits target devices and metadata needs. Plan a bitrate ladder with low, medium, and high tiers to match different connection speeds. Use a sensible encoding strategy: two-pass for steady quality, or a single-pass with a good quality setting; set keyframes every 2 seconds for smoother seeking. Match resolution and frame rate to your content and audience devices to avoid wasted data. Adaptive streaming and packaging Adaptive bitrate streaming splits video into short segments; players switch quality to fit the network. HLS and DASH are the main formats; each uses a manifest to describe available qualities. Segment sizes of 2–6 seconds strike a balance between startup time and smoothness. Packaging tools create the right playlists and chunk files and push them to the CDN. Delivery and networks CDNs cache segments at the edge, reducing distance to viewers and speeding delivery. Use TLS for security and consider HTTP/3 to improve latency. Align origin, CDN, and cache headers to maximize cache hits and minimize origin fetches. Live streams need low-latency options and careful timing between encoding and packaging. Practical tips Start with a small ladder and grow it as you gather data. Test across regions; track startup delay, buffering events, and quality switches. Keep assets on a stable domain and enable DNS optimization to reduce delays. Leverage open tools like FFmpeg or SVT-AV1 and use hardware acceleration when possible. Monitor ABR behavior and adjust the ladder to keep transitions smooth. Key Takeaways Encoding decisions directly affect quality and bandwidth, while delivery choices shape user experience. Adaptive streaming and proper packaging are essential for reliable cross‑device playback. Regular testing and monitoring help you balance cost, quality, and latency.