Data-Format

Communication Protocols Across the Digital World Every time you send an email, load a webpage, or chat with a friend, devices speak a common language. That language is a set of rules called communication protocols. They decide how data is packaged, addressed, sent, and checked for errors. Without them, our devices would not understand each other. Protocols sit in layers. A simple idea is to split work from the physical signal up to the application task. This layering helps designers pick the right rules for each job. On the internet, the TCP/IP family forms a backbone, while many application-level protocols handle specific tasks like browsing, email, or chat. ...

Open Standards and Interoperability in Tech Open standards are published rules that many teams agree to follow. Interoperability means that different software and devices can work together without custom adapters. When both ideas are strong, products fit into larger systems and users benefit from choices and reliability. Clear, accessible specs help builders avoid reinventing wheels. They reduce vendor lock-in and speed up integration across teams, partners, and regions. A healthy ecosystem grows when formats, protocols, and interfaces are well documented and openly available. ...