Industrial-Protocols

Communication Protocols A Practical Overview Communication protocols are the rules that let devices talk to each other. They define how data is formatted, when it is sent, and how mistakes are detected and corrected. Clear protocols reduce surprises and help teams troubleshoot quickly. Most networks use a layered approach. The TCP/IP model is widely used today, with layers for links, internet, transport, and application. The OSI model is a helpful guide, with seven layers that separate concerns. In practice, engineers map real standards to these layers to keep things compatible. ...

Smart Factories and Industrial IoT Architectures Smart factories connect machines, sensors, and software to make production faster and more reliable. The goal is to turn data into actionable insights while keeping operations simple to manage. A clear IIoT architecture helps teams deploy new features without breaking existing systems. A practical stack has four layers. Perception collects data from sensors, PLCs, and meters. Transmission moves data to gateways or edge devices. Processing cleans, stores, and analyzes signals, either at the edge or in the cloud. Applications present insights to operators, planners, and engineers through dashboards, alerts, and automated actions. ...