Io-Scheduling

Inside the Kernel: How Modern Operating Systems Manage Resources The kernel is the core of the operating system. It coordinates three big areas: memory, CPU time, and access to devices. It sits between applications and hardware, keeping tasks fair, safe, and predictable. By making smart decisions, the kernel helps programs run smoothly without stepping on each other. Memory management Most systems use virtual memory. Each process sees a private address space, while the kernel maps those addresses to physical memory. Page tables and the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) speed this mapping. When memory is tight, the kernel can swap least-used pages to disk, freeing space for active work. This keeps programs isolated, so one runaway app cannot crash another by hogging RAM. ...

Inside Modern Operating Systems Scheduling Memory and I/O In modern computers, three core concerns shape performance: scheduling CPU time, managing memory, and ordering I/O operations. The operating system uses specialized components to balance responsiveness, throughput, and fairness. How these pieces work together shows up as smooth interactions, fast file access, and steady app behavior across many devices. CPU scheduling decides which task runs next. Some systems switch tasks after a short time slice; others use priorities to favor foreground work. Preemptive scheduling can reduce latency for interactive apps, while simple round-robin schemes keep things fair. Real systems blend approaches: a general task gets a fair share, while important tasks get a little more speed when needed. The result is snappy user interfaces and decent progress for background jobs, even on many-core machines. ...