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Network virtualization and software-defined networks Network virtualization and software-defined networks (SDN) are reshaping how modern networks are built and managed. They aim to reduce complexity, improve agility, and enable multi-tenant environments without buying every device individually. In simple terms, virtualization makes networks programmable and scalable, while SDN puts the brain of the network in software. What is network virtualization? It creates virtual networks on top of physical hardware. Overlays and virtual switches let many tenants share the same physical links, with isolation and policy control. This makes it easier to test new designs, move workloads, or deploy new services without rewiring cables. ...

Scalable Networking: Architectures for the Modern Internet Global networks carry a growing mix of apps, from video calls to cloud software and sensors. To keep performance steady, networks must be designed to scale without chaos. Scalable architectures layer growth across routes, devices, and control planes, so upgrades happen without service interruption. One core idea is hierarchy. A well-structured internet uses core, distribution, and access layers. Each layer handles different tasks and scales independently. This separation reduces routing churn and helps operators plan capacity for future traffic. ...