Paging

Operating System Internals Kernel Scheduling and Memory Modern operating systems separate two core jobs: deciding which task runs on the CPU, and organizing memory so programs can run safely and fast. Scheduling and memory management work together to make a computer responsive. How the kernel schedules work The scheduler keeps a list of tasks that are ready to run. Each task has a priority or weight, and the CPU gets a slice of time, called a timeslice. When a timeslice ends, the scheduler re-evaluates who should run next. On systems with multiple cores, several tasks can run at once, but the same rules apply to all cores. ...

Inside Operating Systems Scheduling Memory and Interfaces Modern operating systems manage three core tasks at once: scheduling CPU time, organizing memory, and providing clean interfaces for software to talk to hardware. Together they determine how responsive a system feels and how stable it remains under load. CPU scheduling decides which process runs next. The kernel keeps a ready queue and uses rules to pick the next task. Simple schemes like FCFS are predictable but can cause long waits. Time slicing, or Round Robin, helps keep interactive apps responsive by sharing short quotas. ...

Mastering Operating Systems: From Process Scheduling to Virtual Memory An operating system is the invisible conductor of a computer. It schedules work, protects memory, and helps programs share hardware safely. This article explains two core ideas—process scheduling and virtual memory—and why they matter in everyday use. Process scheduling decides which task runs next and for how long. The goal is to balance speed, fairness, and efficiency. On a single CPU, the scheduler uses context switching to move from one task to another. Common approaches include First-Come-First-Served, Shortest Job Next, and Round-Robin. Preemptive scheduling lets the system interrupt a running task to give time to others; non-preemptive scheduling requires a task to finish or yield. In real systems, priorities, aging, and simple fairness help prevent long waits. ...

Demystifying Operating Systems: Processes, Scheduling, and Memory An operating system (OS) is the software that runs your computer. It helps programs share the CPU, memory, and devices without clashes. Three core ideas guide every OS: processes, scheduling, and memory. Understanding them helps you see why your computer can feel fast at times and slow at others. The more you know, the easier it is to pick apps and hardware that fit your needs. ...

Memory Management in Modern OSes: Paging and Caches Modern operating systems use two ideas to manage memory: paging and caches. Paging divides the program’s memory into small blocks called pages and maps them to physical memory. Caches sit closer to the CPU and keep recently used data ready. Together, paging and caches help keep programs safe, fast, and responsive. Paging basics are simple in concept. A process sees a virtual address space, split into pages. The OS stores a page table that translates each page number to a physical frame in RAM. Each page table entry carries the frame number plus flags such as read/write access and whether the page is allowed for the current process. The hardware uses a translation lookaside buffer, or TLB, to speed up these translations. When the CPU accesses data, the TLB check is quick; if the data is not there, a longer page table walk happens, and the translation is filled in. If the data is not in RAM, a page fault occurs. The operating system then loads the needed page from disk, updates the table, and restarts the access. ...

Operating Systems: Scheduling, Memory, and I/O Operating systems coordinate the work of a computer by three core areas: scheduling, memory management, and I/O. Scheduling decides which process runs next on the CPU, memory keeps data and code ready for fast access, and I/O moves data between the computer and devices. A clear design in these areas helps apps feel fast and responsive for users and programs alike. Scheduling CPU scheduling chooses the next task from the ready queue and assigns the CPU. Simple policies work well in different settings: ...

Memory Management Demystified: Paging, Segmentation, and Caching Memory management is how a computer keeps track of all active programs. It helps apps use memory safely and efficiently. Two common ideas are paging and segmentation. They turn a large, simple idea—virtual memory—into smaller pieces that fit the hardware. Understanding these basics helps you see why programs run smoothly most of the time and why they pause when memory is tight. Paging splits memory into fixed-size chunks called pages. The program sees a single, continuous address space, but the system stores pages in physical frames scattered across RAM. A page table records where each virtual page lives. When a page is needed and not in RAM, the system loads it from disk. That moment is a page fault, and the hardware plus the operating system handle the move. The result is a flexible system that uses RAM efficiently, even when many programs run at once. ...

Demystifying Operating Systems: Processes, Scheduling, and Memory Management An operating system, or OS, is the software that helps a computer run smoothly and safely for everyday tasks. It coordinates programs, hardware like the CPU and memory, and data so users can work without worrying about details. In modern systems, several tasks run at once, and the OS keeps them honest, shared, and responsive. A process is a running program with its own memory, state, and resources, while a thread is a lighter path of execution inside a process. The OS creates, pauses, and ends processes, and it switches between them to keep the machine busy without letting one block others. ...