Standards

Data governance and data quality in practice Data governance helps teams decide who owns data, how it is stored, and how it can be used. Data quality measures how accurate, complete, and timely the data is. When both are strong, decisions are clearer and risk is smaller. The goal is not perfection, but reliable data that people trust for daily work. A practical governance model Data owner: sets policy and approves changes for a data domain. Data steward: manages day-to-day quality, metadata, and issue tracking. Data user: consumes data and shares feedback on usability and gaps. Core practices you can start ...

Mobile Communication Evolution: From 2G to 5G and Beyond Mobile networks have grown from simple voice calls to a connected world. The path from 2G to 5G shows steady steps and bold leaps that touch everyday life, business, and science. Each generation added new features, speed, and new kinds of services. 2G was the first digital era for mobile. It supported basic voice, short messages, and roaming. Data came later as small bursts with GPRS and EDGE, enough for simple apps and email. ...

Health data interoperability and standards Health data interoperability means different health systems can share and understand data. When hospitals, clinics, labs, and apps speak the same language, patient care improves. Doctors see complete histories. Public health teams track outbreaks faster. Researchers access better data for studies. This also helps patients view their records and reduces duplicate tests, speeding up diagnosis and supporting continuity when patients move between providers. Several widely used standards guide this work. HL7 and its modern framework for data exchange, especially FHIR, make it easier to build apps that read patient records. For lab results, LOINC codes describe tests and results clearly. Clinical terms use SNOMED CT to describe diagnoses and procedures. Medical images rely on DICOM to carry image data and context. These standards are designed to work across languages and borders. ...

5G, Beyond: Mobile Network Evolution 5G opened a new page for mobile networks with faster speeds, lower latency, and new ways to connect many devices. Beyond 5G, the trend is toward software-driven, open, and flexible networks that can adapt to many use cases. This evolution blends cloud-native cores, edge computing, and intelligent management to support not only people, but factories, vehicles, and remote services. Key shifts include: Software-defined networks and cloud-native cores that are easier to update. Network slicing to reserve resources for different needs, from factories to video streaming. Edge computing that brings processing close to devices for instant results. AI-driven network tuning and predictive maintenance to keep networks healthy. In practice, operators place edge nodes near users and enterprise sites. They use slicing to tailor capacity for a hospital, a stadium, or a secure office campus. These choices help services run reliably, even when demand spikes. ...

API Design Principles for Global APIs Global APIs reach users across many regions, languages, and networks. To deliver a reliable experience, design must reduce latency, respect data rules, and stay predictable even when regional conditions vary. Clear contracts are the foundation. Design the surface early, version carefully, and document error formats so clients can handle failures gracefully. Use stable paths, predictable status codes, and backward-compatible changes whenever possible. Make data locale aware. Represent times in UTC ISO 8601 and surface localized formats only when requested. Read Accept-Language and, if possible, return translated messages. Use currency codes (ISO 4217) and SI units to avoid confusion across regions. ...

HealthTech Data Standards and Interoperability HealthTech data is growing fast. Yet without common standards, patient records stay in silos. Interoperability means systems can exchange, understand, and act on information. Standards give a shared language for structure, meaning, and privacy. In healthcare, core standards cover data formats, terminology, and privacy rules. HL7 FHIR is widely used for clinical data, while DICOM remains the standard for imaging. Terminologies like SNOMED CT and LOINC keep codes consistent so a lab result means the same everywhere. ...

Health Data Standards and Interoperability Health data often travels across many settings: clinics, labs, hospitals, and insurers. When systems use different formats, the same patient story can become unclear. Clear standards help data map to a common meaning, so clinicians, researchers, and patients can rely on accurate information. Why standards matter Standards reduce manual data entry, cut delays, and lower the risk of errors. They enable a patient’s record to follow them from primary care to specialty care. Clear data element definitions and consent flags support privacy while making legitimate sharing easier. ...

Real-Time Collaboration Protocols and Standards Real-time collaboration means several people work at the same time on a shared document or workspace. To make this smooth, apps rely on protocols that move edits quickly, show who is present, and recover from temporary disconnects. A good protocol also keeps data consistent when network conditions vary or users join late. In practice, teams choose a mix of transport, data models, and merge rules to fit their latency goals and reliability needs. ...

Internet of Things: Connecting Devices Everywhere IoT, or the Internet of Things, is a growing network of everyday devices that talk to each other over the internet. From smart thermostats to wearables and industrial sensors, these devices share data to act faster, save energy, and improve safety. When kept simple, this web of devices feels familiar and useful rather than overwhelming. Think of a smart home where lights, climate control, and security cameras respond to your presence. In a factory, sensors monitor machines and trigger maintenance before a breakdown. In cities, streetlights and traffic sensors help reduce congestion. Across many places, small data messages add up to practical improvements. ...

Video Streaming: Delivery, Standards, and Quality Video streaming is more than moving data. It is a blend of delivery networks, accepted standards, and the viewer’s experience. This guide explains how delivery works, the main standards, and how quality affects watching. Delivery in practice: HTTP-based streaming breaks video into small segments and uses multiple bitrate versions. A content delivery network (CDN) places segments close to viewers. Players choose the best bitrate in real time based on network conditions and device capabilities. Standards and formats: ...